The United States And The Native Americans Essay - 1594 Words

The United States and the Native Americans have a rich historical background. Though on the surface it is filled with hatred and injustice, there are a lot more complex interactions once thoroughly examined. The U.S, once a colony of the Europeans, eventually grew into the strong standing nation that it is today. Meanwhile the original inhabitants, the Native Americans, often received the aggression and oppression of this growing nation, but they weren’t the savages the U.S. claimed them to be. In fact, the Iroquois Confederacy was the main influence of the U.S Constitution. This paper will discuss the differences as well as the similarities, which are thought to be controversial, between these two historical documents. The difference between the two groups has been very apparent for the hundreds of years they cohabited. For the Native Americans everything about the American culture clashed greatly with their own beliefs and systems within their own community. An example would be how their community was mainly led by the idea of equality and a voice for everyone, no matter how young or old. According to Grinde’s analysis, â€Å"Iroquois political philosophy was transmitted through the social education of the young† and â€Å"power [was] equally distributed male and female, young and old [rather] than in European American society† (236). The Iroquois also placed a tremendous amount of importance in teaching the younger people about politics so they had enough education to be able toShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States should haveRead MoreThe United States And Native Americans Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did not want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History ofRead MoreNative Americans And The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMany people think that the African-Americans are the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States. That may be true based on the quality of oppression, but not the length of this type of treatment. The Native Americans have been the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States, and even in the colonies that preceded the US. From the early 16th century until even today, the Native Americans were and are being oppressed in this country. The cause was because of colonizationRead MoreNative Americans And The United States873 Words   |  4 Pageshow they helped to shape what is now American history. To think that when settlers first came to the new land native americans made up one hundred percent of the population but now are roughly only one percent of the total population is very disappointing to see. This decline of population was due to many different factors such as, terri torial conflicts, war, disease, and being forced to re-settle. When resettling, the journey alone that the native American had to take caused a huge decrease inRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience challenges that the average American is not subject to, but Native Americans, who live on reservations, experience a unique set of social hardships. Many of these hards hips are due to the fact that they live on reservations where resources and esteem are scarce, but in order to preserve cultural identity and sovereignty, many natives believe it is not only their right to live on reservations, but their duty. Likewise, it is a duty of the United States government to provide these people, whoRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and African Americans3048 Words   |  13 PagesDeculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were appliedRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and Squanto Ess ay790 Words   |  4 PagesSquanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they firstRead MoreEssay Native American Relations with The United States4012 Words   |  17 PagesNative American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six timeRead MoreEssay on Native Americans vs the United States of America1956 Words   |  8 PagesTimes were very hard for Native Americans during the mid to late 1800s. The reasons for their afflictions could only be blamed upon the United States of America. For thousands of years, Native Americans had roamed around the Americas. There had also been many tribes spread across the West that fought between each other in order to have their land.1 It wasn’t until after reconstruction in the United States, that the white Americans started having ordeals with the Native Americans. The main tribes involved

Social Stratification Of A Modern Day Society - 1224 Words

The economy is the basis of the development of a modern-day society. Apart from being a social institution in its own way, it also forms the social superstructure such as educational, administrative, religious, and legal organization. The dynamics of the relationship of the economy and social stratification is described in various manners by classical theorists Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. While there are certain drawbacks of social inequality theories, the pioneer sociologists have adequately tried to describe the reasons and solutions for social stratification of society. The theorists have changed the knowledge on dynamics of economy and society by giving their different perspective on the topic. Marx considered the economy as the basis for determination of all social structures such as politics, religion, and ideology. He saw the dynamics of society originating in economic or productive activity, securing food, shelter, and all other necessities (Martin, 201). On the other hand, Durkheim considered the economy as a contributing factor that helps in the establishment of a society. Unlike Marx, he did not consider the economy to be a factor which is responsible for the social superstructure, but he believed it as one of the social facts like others. He deemed that practices, beliefs and tendencies of a group collectively constitute the social structure. According to the Marx the bourgeois society is the pioneer of class resentment. He saw the division of society into twoShow MoreRelatedRelevance of Social Stratification1272 Words   |  6 PagesSocia l stratification is defined as the division of a society into a number of hierarchically arranged strata. Strata are the levels or classes in society which are layered in a structured hierarchy with the least privileged at the bottom and most privileged at the top. 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In today s society most of the extremeRead MoreSocial Stratification, Inequality and Slavery Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesBackground: Social stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and powers in a society it includes slavery, castes, the estate system, and social classes. Social stratification can been seen necessary through a functionalist eyes due to the fact that it motivates people to accept all jobs required for the society to survive. Conflict theorists see stratification as a major source of societal tension and conflict, different social levelsRead MoreContemporary Theory: Stratification Essay examples1245 Words   |  5 PagesA major concern of modern-day theory would be the impacts of stratification within society. Social stratification is defined as the â€Å"hierarchical or vertical division of society according to rank, caste, or class† (Dictionary.com 2014). Social stratification can be operationally defined â€Å"as the systematically unequal distribution of power, wealth, and status (Bowles 2013; Kerbo 2000). Stratificati on sets up that all known societies past and present â€Å"distribute its scarce and demanded goods and servicesRead MoreA Comparison of Marx and Durkheim1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Structure of Modern Society Introductory Essay: Marx and Durkheim There was once a time when the societies of the world were nothing more than a ruling class and a class that was ruled. In these feudal societies classes were set. There was little chance for a member of the ruling bourgeoisie class to cross over to the oppressed proletariat class or from the proletariat class to the bourgeoisie class. Every individual within each class had the routine for each day set out for him orRead MoreDurkheims Theories to Gender and Work1072 Words   |  4 Pagesritual so the two do play off one another. 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In Britain, society is structured in terms of inequality. Different classes tendRead MoreSocial Stratification1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress what social stratification is, and why sociologists consider it crucial to our understanding of today’s society. In addition it will also be discussing the three dimensions of social stratification and how we think its changed since the 1970s and 80s to today, and which theory we think best explains this change. Along with how the inequality of valued resources impacts America as a whole, and how the recent financial meltdown has made stratification worse in America. Stratification can be definedRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status992 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will explore the notion of social class and whether it is still relevant within today’s society. The Oxford Dictionary defines social class as ‘a division of a society based on social and economic status’ and is measurable in terms of stratification and inequality. Stratification suggests people are ranked hierarchically according to their attributes such as income, wealth, power, age, gender and status, whereas, inequality explains the difference between people in terms of their abilitiesRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of August Strindberg s Play Miss Julie1706 Words   |  7 Pageseconomist, philosopher, and promenade socialist, Karl Marx and another from author, actor, and theatrical theorist, Jeremy Rockwood. The first quote comes to us from Marx s Manifesto of the Communist Party, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing soci ety is the history of class struggles,† (Lermert 43). The second from Rockwood’s book The Craftsmen of Dionysus: An Approach to Acting, â€Å"An exact duplication of real life is not the purpose of the theatre—nor of any art. In order to present his special

Tort of Negligence and Misrepresentation for Sale and Supply

Question: Discuss about theTort of Negligence and Misrepresentation for Sale and Supply. Answer: Introduction In the legal parlance, a negligent act or a presentation of an untrue statement calls for a wrong doing. Thereby the two references i.e. the tort of negligence and misrepresentation; both are legal wrongs in the eyes of law. The first one is construed to be wrong in the eyes of law which is said to be suffered by a person at the hands of another person who does not succeed to take adequate care so as to ensure avoidance of what a logical individual would consider it to be with regards as a foreseeable risk. In most of the situations wherein a tort of negligence is witnessed, there would be seen a contractual linkage between the parties involved such as that of a doctor and patient and employee, bank and customer. However until recently it was compulsory of existence of such a relationship to be there so as to claim for negligence to succeed. But with the advent of the civil law with regards negligence, there has been certain situations that crop up between two parties which may be ev en if there does not exist any contractual relationship for claiming the existence of negligent act (Owen, 2007). Thus the test required to be conducted to prove that a tort of negligence has occurred is that the loss should be a realistically anticipated outcome of the defendants manner wherein a close relationship should exist and the fact that a liability is being imposed should be fair enough. Secondly, misrepresentation is also a sort of tort or civil wrong which simply connotes that misrepresentation can lead to creation of a civil liability if the final result is a financial loss. Such as if a real estate agent owns a land which is uncultivable but advertises it as fit for cultivation then it is said to be misrepresentation of facts which may cause financial loss for the person who would buy or rent the property. But the fact that misrepresentation exists, the listener must act basis the facts stated by the real estate else it would not attract any kind of legal action. Further the person who is buying the property basis the facts represented should be sensible and justifiable as well leading to a financial loss to the buyer(Consumer Affairs Victoria, 2016). Thus it can be said that the former does not necessarily lead to a financial loss but the latter has to lead to a financial loss. Application Of Tort Of Negligence And Misrepresentation To A Business Situation Both these torts are evident in various business situations from time to time. For example in a retail outlet it is very important to take care of the non-occurrence of these two torts. First and foremost adequate care and maintenance is required to ensure that the retail stores do not lead to any such negligent act. The retail stores try to provide maximum safety to the shoppers but since the footfalls are so high there can be situations which may lead to occurrence of certain events. Most of the accidents happen due to carelessness. As per law the customers are invitees who may not spend money in the store but since they are there inside the store premises thereby they have the right to be protected in the eyes of law. A duty of care means that these stores should make all efforts each time to ensure that a decent level of care is being extended to the customers. The tort of negligence is said to have existed where situations such as existence of a hazardous situation led to injuri es, the retail was well aware of the hazards and also did not succeed to take care of the same (Calisi, 2015). The person who has suffered an injury was not responsible in any way for the same and the perilous situation was such that it was an unswerving and adjacent reason for the harm caused. Last but not the least; the injury should be real which lead to damages. Such as the case of Anns v Merton London Borough Council (1978) AC 728 a two stage test was used to ascertain if there was a enough affiliation of nearness base upon foreseeability and if there existed any causes for the negligence of the duty of care (Osborne, 2016). Further the safety of the services and goods supplied by the retailers are covered under the Misrepresentation Act which helps to protect the consumers from being cheated through any kind of fraudulent statements. In general misrepresentation can be taken care of by nullifying or cancelling the contract. In some situations, the plaintiff can claim for the damages as well. With regards the services and goods supplied, misrepresentation of the facts is said to occur if the goods supplied does not match with the descriptions given by the retailer or the services are not up to the mark as it was deemed to be or portrayed to be (Out-law.com, 2016). Thereby, in such situations it is very important for the retail shops to ensure that adequate measures are being taken from time to time to ensure that the tort of negligence and misrepresentation does not happen as it even hampers the goodwill of the store. Care should be taken while advising the visiting customers and even the various other members of the public. If the floor is slippery, then adequate sign boards should be mentioned, if the floor is wet or being cleaned then also a caution board mentioning the wet floor ahead information should be displayed. They should keep on checking from time to time that the expired goods are being removed from the stores since buying of expired products is due to the fact that the same is kept in the product line available for sale thus leading to misrepresentation and also tort of negligence to some extent. Buying of such products can cause harm to the health of the consumers of those products. Further selling of a product which guarantees an after sales service, wherein in actual scenario the same is unavailable, this leads to misrepresentation of facts as the customer would have bought the product thinking about the same. Losses can be suffered in various ways such as due to lack of adequate care or may also be because of stating statements which are misleading in nature. In both the situations, the business is to suffer various consequences if the client has suffered any kind of a loss. The business will have to suffer with regards its goodwill and reputation to such an extent that it may even loose some of its very dear clients as well which may have a financial implication on their business also. The consequences for the business in the situation where a client has suffered an injury and loss is that he or she can demand for compensation for the various losses which has occurred due to the said act. As in the case of BSKyB v EDS also the EDS had misrepresented facts due to which BSKyB had entered into a contract and hence EDS had to pay for the damages. But for claiming compensation the suffered party will have to prove that the cause of loss is inappropriate and fraudulent misrepresentation from t he other party from whom damages are being claimed (Barnes, 2010). The business however has various defences available too for against the claims made by the injured. Four negligence elements are available which may help a business safeguard itself against the negligence claim by the party who has suffered a loss. The possible ones are demanding the status of the plaintiff and the related duty of care, conforming that the business has performed its actions as per the standard of care, attacking the casual link between act or omission and harm or injury and probing as to what kind of loss has been suffered by the plaintiff and what is the contribution of the defendant in the loss suffered (Inc.com, 1999). There has been various instances wherein the business has been found to be liable for the tortuous act of it. As in the case of Byrne v Boadle (1863), Byrne was walking down the street when a barrel full of flour fell on him out from the window of Boadle. Thus it clear tat the defendant had not acted carefully as the flour barrel should not have been kept at a places from where it could fall and cause injury to an outsider. The flour shops tort of negligence caused injury to the plaintiff leaving the defendant in a loss situation wherein he had to compensate for the damage caused (Business Companion, 2017). Role Of Statutory Or Public Authorities In Protecting The Interests Of The People Residing In Australia The Australian law is derived from the English common law. The statutory law has made various changes since then and presently the parliaments of Australia has made various alterations with the Civil Liability Acts. As per the statute, various laws protecting the interest of the people have been pronounced. In Australia, intrude to the individual is reliant on the sincerity of the act intervening with the plaintiffs autonomy. As per the statute in Australia, the wrong doer does not necessarily have to have an intent behind such trespass. Secondly, if any action is direct but not intentional in nature, then in such a case the plaintiff in Australia can take an action basis tort of negligence. With regards negligence, the Australian common law has post 2002, laid down various criteria to determine whether a duty of care has been breached or not (Law Vision Pty. Ltd. 2008). Thus the main role of the statutory authority in protection of the interest of the people residing in Australia ir respective of being a citizen or not is that it ensures to prove whether a tort has occurred or not before deciding upon the case and both the parties are given equal chances to prove their respective points. Various Torts Applicable To The Actions Of A Business Apart From Tort Of Negligence And Misrepresentation While most of the torts are responsible for the loss or damage to the body of another person, business loss leads to damage being caused to the other businesses. The loss may be such as loss to various opportunities to the businesses, loss to relations and also goodwill. Apart from those already discussed, business torts also comprise of two more types i.e. wrongful intervention wherein a business purposely and incorrectly, intervenes with the lawful business desires of another business such as intervening into various contracts. The second one is unfair competition wherein the business tries to advertise its products in such a manner which would confuse the consumers as it would be very much similar to the competitors product. This is very similar to misrepresentation. Thus nowadays the business houses in lieu to beat the competition have started to take such fraudulent and unacceptable steps that it is becoming very difficult to survive (The Babcock Law Firm LLC, 2017). Application Of Tortious Principles As May Apply To The Business World The issue with the businesses today is lack of ethics. Globalisation and competition has led to the deterioration of the ethics within those who conduct businesses as well as professionals. As is understood from above, the business houses should be extra careful while conducting their businesses. They should not portray something that is incorrect just to make profits as it is short lived in nature which causes harm to the adjoining business, the competitors as well as the customers. Conducting business and competing with the competitors in a healthy manner is what the principle of tort states. It does not stop a business to try to move ahead of the competition but it definitely demands that the business should adopt a route which is healthy and not faulty in nature. The businesses should ensure that instead of paying compensations for the damages being caused due to the acts of tort undertaken by them should be minimised as much as possible. Principles of tort which apply to the businesses are the culture of compensation, protection of the human rights which includes the customers as well as employees and the general public also. Any kind of financial loss or an act which may cause risk to the lives of the people should be avoided (Elearn.uni-sofia.bg, 2011). The acts should not cause harm to the animals as well. Thereby these are some of the very stringent principles of tort which are compulsorily applicable in the business world. Conclusion Thus on a concluding note it is understood that the business houses are the ones who are most responsible for such negligence and misrepresentations only to satisfy their profit motives. Tort of negligence and misrepresentations cause the maximum loss to the plaintiff and thereby the business houses should ensure to exercise their duty of care perfectly and also not portray facts which are false and misleading in nature. The Australian law is stringent enough to take remedial actions against such acts irrespective of the business house being very a big name. References: Barnes, R., (2010), UK: The Consequences of making a misrepresentation, Available at https://www.mondaq.com/uk/x/102458/trials+appeals+compensation/The+Consequences+of+Making+a+Misrepresentation (Accessed 19th September 2017) Business Companion, (2017), The sale and supply of goods, Available at https://www.businesscompanion.info/en/quick-guides/goods/the-sale-and-supply-of-goods (Accessed 19th September 2017) Calisi,A.P., (2015), Injuries Due to Retail Store Negligence, Available at https://www.injuryclaimcoach.com/retail-store-negligence.html (Accessed 19th September 2017) Consumer Affairs Victoria, (2016), False or misleading representations, Available at https://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/products-and-services/business-practices/advertising-and-promotions/false-or-misleading-representations (Accessed 19th September 2017) Elearn.uni-sofia.bg, (2011), General Principles of tort law, Available at https://elearn.uni-sofia.bg/pluginfile.php/100711/mod_resource/content/1/understanding_torts.pdf (Accessed 19th September 2017) Inc.com., (1999), What is Negligence and How do I Defend against a Negligence Claim? Available at https://www.inc.com/articles/1999/11/15373.html (Accessed 19th September 2017) Law Vision Pty. Ltd. (2008), The Law of Torts, Available at https://www.lawvision.com.au/uploads/PDFs/Tort%20Law%20.pdf (Accessed 19th September 2017) Out-Law.com, (2016), Product Liability for Negligence. Available at https://www.out-law.com/topics/commercial/supply-of-goods-and-services/product-liability-for-negligence/ (Accessed 19th September 2017) Osborne,S., (2016), The Tort of Negligence, Available at https://www.accaglobal.com/an/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f4/technical-articles/tort-negligence.html (Accessed 19th September 2017) Owen, D.G., (2007), The Five Elements of Negligence, Available at https://law.hofstra.edu/pdf/academics/journals/lawreview/lrv_issues_v35n04_bb1_owen_35_4_final.pdf (Accessed 19th September 2017) The Babcock Law Firm LLC, (2017), The 3 Different Types of Tort Law, Available at https://www.injurylawcolorado.com/legal-library/tort-law-types.html (Accessed 19th September 2017)

The Role Of Fate In Oedipus The free essay sample

King Essay, Research Paper Audrey Fish The Role of Fate in # 8220 ; Oedipus the King # 8221 ; Is Oedipus a victim of the Gods, their prognostications, and fate, or his ain fatal defects? I am under the feeling that Sophocles wrote the drama to underline the inutility of seeking to avoid one # 8217 ; s destiny. He implies that we need to turn to the Gods because we can non see the whole image. Or instead, we are non willing to see the truth. He insinuates throughout the drama that people should turn their trust back to spiritual fundamentalism. I read this on the Internet. I believe it is said so appropriately: In the Middle Ages, calamity was associated with the ruin of high people through the inevitable turning of Fortune # 8217 ; s wheel ; their autumn exemplifies the incompatibility of Fortune and the foolishness of puting trust in worldly goods instead than God # 8217 ; s will. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role Of Fate In Oedipus The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page maclab.uvic.ca/writersguide/Pages/LTTragedy.html The Gods are penalizing Oedipus ; it seems, because he tries to get away his destiny. Oedipus is most decidedly more directed towards destiny than anything else. After all, the prognostications of the prophet did come true and the destiny of Oedipus was outlined even before he was born. The Greeks believed in destiny and running off from destiny is a large no-no. The townsfolk ( chorus ) stated: Destiny steer me ever, Destiny find me filled with fear pure in word and title. Great Torahs tower above us, reared on high born for the superb vault of Eden. The great Torahs signify a great concatenation of bid, if you will. Oedipus has upset that great concatenation of bid by his blatant effort to withstand his destiny. Oedipus tungsten as more of a victim of destiny instead so a participator. After the flood tide in which Oedipus learned of his workss, he exclaimed that he was â€Å"dammed from birth† . This is besides apparent when he says: Wasn # 8217 ; t I born for torture? Else I # 8217 ; m doomed to match with my female parent and cut my father down Wouldn # 8217 ; t a adult male of judgment say- and wouldn # 8217 ; t he be right- some barbarian power has brought this down upon my caput? Here Oedipus is faulting the Gods for his bad lucks. So far, he believes that there is no free will and that the Gods control life # 8217 ; s results. Then Jocasta leads him to believe that there is no significance to these prognostications: What should a adult male fright? It # 8217 ; s all opportunity, opportunity regulations our lives. Not a adult male on Earth can see a twenty-four hours in front, fumbling through he dark. Better to populate at random, best we can Take such things for shadows, nil at all- Live, Oedipus, as if there # 8217 ; s no tomorrow! Jocasta does non believe the prognostications at first because the destiny of her hubby purportedly neer came true. She is seeking to convert Oedipus that, # 8220 ; No accomplishment in the universe, nil human can perforate the future. # 8221 ; He does non believe her. Oedipus: # 8220 ; I count myself the boy of Chance the Moons have marked me out. # 8221 ; So it seems that Oedipus had no pick in his destiny. He was a pawn for the Gods to dally with. I think that the all mighty Gods knew all along precisely what was traveling to go on and how. Then they let the right people see at the right clip to seek to prove Oedipus. Just as the celebrated line said by Puck, # 8220 ; What fools these persons be. # 8221 ; This is besides what I think Sophocles is seeking to demo us in this drama ; persons are saps and can non be trusted without some sort of godly way.

Essay Axio Stock and Home Depot

Essay Axio Stock and Home Depot Essay Axio: Stock and Home Depot The intangible assets for both the company are brand differences. The Home Depot and Lowe’s are clear market leaders in the home improvement industry. They are both able to succeed, because they have solidified distinctly different images that appeal to different customer segments, Another way of looking at this differentiation is by simply going to each company’s homepage. they are promoting exactly the same thing. Lowe’s is brighter color, may come off as a bit of a feminine touch. The Home Depot’s page uses bolder darker colors to convey their message, and the page is bordered with wood paneling, providing a more rugged aesthetic for customers. As consumers, when we purchase a specific product, or shop at a certain store, we associate our image with that product/store and build brand loyalty. Hence the reason some men might shop at Home Depot, even though they don’t know the first thing about home improvement. Why do companies issue bonds when they can issue stock? What are the advantages in issuing bonds? Aren't there any drawbacks of issuing bonds? The most attractive feature of stock issuance is that the money generated from the sale of stock does not need to be repaid. There are, however, downsides to stock issuance that may make bonds the more attractive proposition because issuing stock means granting proportional ownership in the firm to investors in exchange for money. Advantages With bonds, companies that need to raise money can continue to issue new bonds as long as they can find investors willing to act as lenders. The issuance of new bonds has no effect on ownership of the company or how the company is operated. Stock issuance, on the other hand, puts additional stock shares in circulation, which means that future earnings must be shared among a larger pool of investors. This can result in a decrease in (EPS), putting less money in owners' pockets. Bond issuance enables corporations to attract a large number of lenders in an efficient manner. Record keeping is simple, because all bondholders get the exact same deal with the same interest rate and maturity date. For companies, the bond market clearly offers many ways to borrow. From an investor’s perspective, the bond market offers a lot to consider. The variety of choices, ranging from bond types to

How to Write an Abstract for a Scientific Paper

How to Write an Abstract for a Scientific Paper If youre preparing a research paper or grant proposal, youll need to know how to write an abstract. Heres a look at what an abstract is and how to write one. Abstract An abstract is a concise summary of an experiment or research project. It should be brief typically under 200 words. The purpose of the abstract is to summarize the research paper by stating the purpose of the research, the experimental method, the findings, and the conclusions. How to Write an Abstract The format youll use for the abstract depends on its purpose. If youre writing for a specific publication or a class assignment, youll probably need to follow specific guidelines. If there isnt a required format, youll need to choose from one of two possible types of abstracts. Informational Abstracts An informational abstract is a type of abstract used to communicate an experiment or lab report. An informational abstract is like a mini-paper. Its length ranges from a paragraph to 1 to 2 pages, depending on the scope of the report. Aim for less than 10% the length of the full report.Summarize all aspects of the report, including purpose, method, results, conclusions, and recommendations. There are no graphs, charts, tables, or images in an abstract. Similarly, an abstract does not include a bibliography or references.Highlight important discoveries or anomalies. Its okay if the experiment did not go as planned and necessary to state the outcome in the abstract. Here is a good format to follow, in order, when writing an informational abstract. Each section is a sentence or two long: Motivation or Purpose: State why the subject is important or why anyone should care about the experiment and its results.Problem: State the hypothesis of the experiment or describe the problem you are trying to solve.Method: How did you test the hypothesis or try to solve the problem?Results: What was the outcome of the study? Did you support or reject a hypothesis? Did you solve a problem? How close were the results to what you expected? State-specific numbers.Conclusions: What is the significance of your findings? Do the results lead to an increase in knowledge, a solution that may be applied to other problems, etc.? Need examples? The abstracts at PubMed.gov (National Institutes of Health database) are informational abstracts. A random example is this abstract on the effect of coffee consumption on Acute Coronary Syndrome. Descriptive Abstracts A descriptive abstract is an extremely brief description of the contents of a report. Its purpose is to tell the reader what to expect from the full paper. A descriptive abstract is very short, typically less than 100 words.Tells the reader what the report contains, but doesnt go into detail.It briefly summarizes the purpose and experimental method, but not the results or conclusions. Basically, say why and how the study was made, but dont go into findings.   Tips for Writing a Good Abstract Write the paper before writing the abstract. You might be tempted to start with the abstract since it comes between the title page and the paper, but its much easier to summarize a paper or report after it has been completed.Write in the third person. Replace phrases like I found or we examined with phrases like it was determined or this paper provides or the investigators found.Write the abstract and then pare it down to meet the word limit. In some cases, a long abstract will result in automatic rejection for publication or a grade!Think of keywords and phrases a person looking for your work might use or enter into a search engine. Include those words in your abstract. Even if the paper wont be published, this is a good habit to develop.All information in the abstract must be covered in the body of the paper. Dont put a fact in the abstract that isnt described in the report.Proof-read the abstract for typos, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors.

What Is Meant By Market Failure And How Can Government Attempt To Essay

What Is Meant By Market Failure And How Can Government Attempt To Correct It - Essay Example In economics, a market failure takes place when â€Å"the production or use of goods and services by the market is not efficient†. In other words, market failure occurs when free market fail to provide optimum allotment of resources, either over-allocating, or under-allocating their resources, which results in economic inefficiency In other words, market failure occurs when free market fail to provide optimum allotment of resources, either over-allocating, or under-allocating their resources, which results in economic inefficiency (Francis, n.d). In such a case, there exists another possible outcome where the market participants’ gains would compensate their losses. Market failure is a serious issue as in consequence it disrupts social and economic region of a particular region or even the whole country. Thus, it is a challenge for governments to interfere and ensure that there is no risk of market failure. There are several ways in which governments can correct the sta te of markets: by public section production, regulations and antitrust legislation, taxation and subsidies (Francis, n.d). This paper discusses different kinds of market failure and the ways in which government can attempt to correct them. There are several general categories of market failure: market power, externalities, public goods, and equity. Market power is the ability of a company to influence the market price of a good or service, raising prices above competitive levels (Francis, n.d, ICT regulation toolkit, n.d). A company with market power can raise prices without losing a significant portion of its business to other companies. The rise in the prices above competitive levels may affect negatively the market as it results in diminished customer demand, efficiency loses, and harm on the public interest. Furthermore, companies with significant market power may abuse their power, using their leading position to reduce competition. Some common forms of anticompetitive conduct involve abuse of dominance, cross-subsidization, and misuse of information (Market Power, n.d). There are several ways in which governments can deal with abuse of significant market power. To start with, all national regulatory authorities (NRA) have to make an assessment of the state of completion in specific markets and consider whether such competitive behavior harms another companies and customers (European Regulators Group, 2007). In such a case, the dominant company may be required to stop its abusive behavior or make specific changes to its policy so that it would not be damaging to competition anymore (Remedies for Abuse of Dominance, n.d). This remedy requires the authorities to monitor the company continuously to guarantee that the behavioral change is maintained. Another possible solution is fining the company or its employers with direct responsibility for anticompetitive behavior. The firm can also be ordered to pay compensation to its customers and competitors who have been harmed by their policies. The European Regulators Group (2007) proposes functional separation in markets where non-discrimination procedures were ineffective in dealing with problems of abusive market power. Functional separation may involve breaking the company into two different firms with separate market shares, or separating competitive and monopoly products and services of the company. This solution may also include such elements as separation of operational support systems, brands, employees, and information management systems among new, individual business units. When deciding on the degree of the separation proposed, the NRA’s have to take into account the cost and benefits of this solution and base their decision on completed market reviews (The European Regulators Group, 2007). Cross-subsidization occurs when companies with market power charge a high price for their non-competitive products services and use different proceeds to subsidize low prices for compet itive goods. In such a case, governments can implement and enforce a price floor for the low-cost products in order to ensure that the revenue that is generated by the product

Teacher Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher Evaluation - Essay Example There are teachers who don't teach very well according to my evaluation but still students are able to score high grades in their courses. Hence the greatest challenge while teaching is to measure the effectiveness of a teacher. The evaluation process used is quite simple. The process includes the evaluation of the average grade report of the class the teacher is teaching. There is a separate teacher's evaluation form that is filled by each and every student, without their names. I regularly inspect classes and the way teachers are teaching. All these methods combine to give us a clear picture of how the teacher is teaching and help us to evaluate his or her performance. From my point of view a regular visit of 5 to 10 minutes in a class by a principle is good enough to inspect a teacher but then the principle has to make sure the visit is unannounced, which will give the principle a clear view of what is happening (Danielson & McGreal, 2000). Long observing hours distract the students and teachers both hence short and regular observing periods are most suitable. Well there are a number of settings, for example a teacher assigns some work to the students and then we observe how is he or she helping the students in completing their work, it shouldn't be overdone like the teacher shouldn't help the student too much or too less. There should be a balance. Then a teacher is observed while giving a lecture to check on the methods that are being used, we prefer interactive lectures that keep the students interest, boring and less interactive sessions are of no help to the teacher and the students both. These settings are important as being a teacher is not that difficult but handling situations and maintaining the interest of the class in a lecture are two difficult things that a good teacher must learn. We can learn how well the teacher is at maintaining healthy relationships plus a good teacher will always have a scheduled life. An effective teacher would always be motivating people around as that's how he treats the students in his or her class. A teacher should be polite and should listen to each and everyone. We don't often use conferencing techniques while evaluating a teacher but in some cases where problems are being faced by the students and no possible solution is being derived and the root cause is not being caught, we prefer conferencing. The teacher goes through a brief meeting with the principle and other higher staff members like the vice principle and the coordinator. The primary concern for holding a teacher incompatible to teach in any class is the fact that the students do not understand the core concepts of the course and the overall grades are lower than expected. After the initial assessment of the teacher we predict an average grade of the class keeping in mind the ability of the students and the past trends. If the grades are higher or lower than expected we conduct an evaluation of the reasons for that and then accordingly change our evaluations about the teacher. If the teacher is performing at a higher level than expected we do promote the teacher in terms of the class and rewards are also given, in case a teacher does not want renewal of contract than a meeting is held where the vice principal the coordinator and the principle talk to the teacher for the reasons of this demand and try to make every possible

Ethics and Global Business Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Global Business Essay Skyscrapers, malls, restaurants, hotels, resorts, city lights, busy highways, and booming businesses- without a doubt, China has already blossomed from a sleeping nation into an economic giant. From a country that once resisted the global market, it now thrives as one of the leaders in world economy. In fact, China comes in with the second largest Gross Domestic Product last 2008 with a total amount of $7. 8 trillion (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). This makes this country one of the fastest growing nations in the world. This great stride is the result of Deng Xiaoping’s vision and effort for economic reform. Over the past 30 years, globalization helped tore down the trade barriers which in turn, expanded the People’s Republic’s investment, businesses, and knowledge. The effects of globalization in China are simply staggering. In fact, it is even impossible to imagine that some 25 to 30 years ago; this country is known only for its history of political and economic problems escorted by social turmoil and fragmentation (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). China’s path towards economic reform began during the late 70’s when its government started to adapt a more pragmatic action to its numerous political as well as socioeconomic dilemmas. This different perspective resulted in the decrease of its socialist ideology in the country’s economic policy. During this time, the government focused its attention in economic productivity by introducing new management methods in its industrial, agricultural, financial, fiscal, as well as labor sector. In 1984, China’s idea of people’s commune was eventually eliminated after its 25-year existence. Private ownership of agricultural and industrial production assets were declared legal, while workers were encouraged to find private employment. Apart from this, small enterprises and businesses in rural areas also came in by the numbers. This resulted in increased competition as well as an increase in trading (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). These small steps helped this country prepare for its great leap forward. China’s economic growth finally came in when the government decided to fully integrate its economy with the international market. Efforts were then made to make several Chinese regions open for foreign investments. Incentives and favors on taxes, patents, as well as contracts were passed as a way of attracting international investors. Although the government’s efforts to draw foreign investors were on full force, its bureaucratic issues such as political corruption and social fragmentation caused its vision for economic reform to slow down. Inflation eventually surged in which then caused the country to lag behind considerably. By the early 1990s, China regained its momentum as its leader Deng Xiapong suggested various pronouncements geared towards reinventing and renewing the country’s goal for economic reform. This marked China’s growth to become one of the world’s economic giants. The following years saw how this country quest to improvement not only its economy but also administrative system. By 2003, the government proposed several policies and amendments to address its ever changing economic system. Legislators also placed in a new emphasis on balancing the income distribution in both urban and rural areas, reducing unemployment rate, improving equity, while at the same time protecting its natural resources. In 2005, the government approved a five-year economic program which is geared towards creating a â€Å"harmonious society†. This program ultimately calls for a 45 percent growth in its Gross Domestic Product as well as a 20 percent decrease in its energy consumption by the year 2010. Apart from this, the program also underlined the importance of an improved education, social security, as well as medical care system (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). From the 70’s up to the present, China’s efforts to development their economy allowed them rank as the second largest GDP in terms of Purchasing Power Parity and the third largest when it comes to Industrial Output (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). Indeed, globalization allowed this country to create important developments as well rapid progress. However, the country’s growth in economic dominance does not only create benefits, but it also creates threats to the country’s culture, tradition, and way of life. Although globalization brings many benefits and advances, it also brings with it several consequences that must be properly addressed. In the paper Urban Development in Global Periphery, Sanjoy Chakravorty (2003) explained that globalization has two varied elements. This includes economic globalization which refers to the â€Å"integration of markets† and ideological globalization which refers to the â€Å"political idea that underlie the spread of market, trade, and democracy† (Chakravorty, 2003, p. 357). While economic globalization can be effectively used to improve and development a country’s economic status; ideological globalization on the other hand, can have a relative detriment to the county’s culture and way of life. One of the staggering consequences of globalizations in China is the threat of losing its identity. Chakravorty (2003), explains that globalization is a homogenizing process (Chakravorty, 2003, p. 361). This creates not only an economic but also a cultural mark that leads a country to adapt the values, taste, and even identity of the dominating global economy. Some scholars even refer to this as the â€Å"Mcdonaldization† or the â€Å"Cocacolonization† of a nation’s cultural identity and value. Although patronizing foreign products can help the economy, there is also this underlying threat that such products may cause the people to forget their own and ultimately adopt the values that the foreign products brings. In the case of China, a country that was once known for its rich culture, the Great Wall, fascinating dynasties, and many more, may become replaced by foreign logos of McDonald’s, KFC, and Coca-Cola. Inequality is also an important issue that must be considered along with globalization. As technology and foreign businesses continue to spread, it is also very likely that the gap between the rich and poor will become wider. Although globalization played an important role in decreasing poverty, this same thing may also create a bigger gap between the haves and have-nots. This is because the income gaps between skilled workers and non-skilled workers will continue to grow despairingly large. This is especially true for China. The income inequality becomes much more prominent due to the huge gain enjoyed by its upper crust (Seeking Alpha, 2007). Human right is another globalization issue that must be carefully considered. Although globalization has exacerbated poverty in many parts of China, it is still important to take note that most of the laborers in this country receive below the minimum wage. The pressures of globalization can lead to labor exploitation especially in rural regions. In this situation, the women and the children are always the first victims. Most women become laborers in a sweatshop setting while receiving a low salary. Children on the other hand are forced to work in factories. The human issues regarding globalization become even worst as the laborers are often subjected in sweat shop settings. Oftentimes, the workers are exposed to an environment which is hazardous to their health. Most of the workers also lack the basic health and accident benefits. Indeed, globalization has delivered the world its promises of economic development and growth. However, it is also essential to remember and consider the ugly side of this phenomenon. Inequality, human rights, and even the threat of losing national and ethic identity are just some of the many consequences of globalization. Although resolving these issues all at once may be a far cry, it can still be addressed through effective and good governance. Education and awareness regarding the consequences of globalization must also be implemented and disseminated. References Chakravorty, Sanjoy (2003). Urban development in the global periphery: The consequences of economic and ideological Globalization. The Annals of Regional Science 37, p. 357-367 Guthrie, Douglas (2006). China and globalization: the social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society. CRC pres, p 1-398. Seeking Alpha (2007). Why Globalization Is Boosting Inequality in Developing Nations. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from http://seekingalpha. com/article/36616-why-globalization-is-boosting-inequality-in-developing-nations.

Essay --

Abraham Lincoln was born in the winter month of February, on the twelfth day, in the year 1809. He was born in Hardin County, Kentucky to parents Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks. Both of Lincoln’s parents were illiterate but he took it upon himself to learn his ABCs and attend school at a young age. Abraham Lincoln moved around a little e through Indiana and Illinois the first 21 years of his life. While Lincoln was young he worked a lot of odd jobs here and there before breaking into politics and winning a seat in the Illinois legislature at the age of 25. While he served his several terms on the legislature he went to law school and became a lawyer. In 1845 Lincoln successfully won a spot in the U.S Congress and served for one term. He later decided to run for U.S Senate, and even though he did not win, he gained national recognition for being so against slavery. In 1860, Lincoln ran for president, won, and was inaugurated in 1861. Abraham Lincoln met Mary Todd in 1839 while they were both in Springfield Illinois. Even though they had both come from very different families they ...

Mapping O’Connor’s “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

O’Connor, in response to her critics note that a certain amount of the significance â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† lies in its utility in terms of teaching as well as in literary analysis.However, in relation to this aforementioned utility, O’Connor also notes that the text should not be reduced to â€Å"a problem to be solved† to the extent that it is treated as something which one evaporates in order â€Å"to get Instant Enlightenment† (Fitzgerald 23).In line with this, what follows is an analysis of the aforementioned text [O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†] which opts to minimize the amount of ‘evaporation’ of the text for the purpose of literary analysis.In this paper, I will focus on the locations which were specified within the text. The reasons for this are as follows: (1) locations specified within the text serve to foreshadow the events in the text and (2) locations specified within the text serve to augment the theme of the text.In reading the aforementioned text, one of the first things that may noticed in the text, itself is the realistic setting of the story. The story is set in the state of Georgia. In the opening scene, one is presented with a family from Atlanta quarrelling about their vacation plans. The quarrel stems from the grandmother’s opposition of the family’s decision to take their vacation in Florida.The reason for such an opposition lies in the highly probable perilous conditions in Florida itself since it has been reported that a convict which â€Å"calls himself The Misfit† is heading towards the same direction [that being Florida].It is important to note that during the matter of this quarrel, the reader is presented with the initial details of the family’s travel [vacation so to speak] and the mileage that they will cover which will later tie up with the other details in the later part of the story. What follows this is a scenic description of Georgia in the eyes of this family.In this description of the places which the family passes, it is interesting to note that the family chooses to have lunch in a place called Timothy in Georgia. What is of interest here is that as opposed to Stone Mountain, Jasper, and other places that they pass by there is no known specific location in Georgia called Timothy [known in the sense that it has a place in the map]. The question thereby arises as to O’Connor’s rationale for placing the location within the story.In answer to this Asals notes that this is due to the heretical status of this family. According to Asals, one may conceive of the location [Asals] as pertaining to the gospel of Timothy which discusses â€Å"the opposition of false doctrine; the organization of the church and establishment of ecclesiastical regulations; and exhortations which indicate how to be a good citizen and Christian† (76).The importance of such, in relation to the story, may be understood if one considers the heretical condition of the aforementioned family. The heretical condition is evident in the opposition of the grandmother’s carriage and her actions during the period of her youth.O’Connor, in this sense, may be seen as portraying the parallel between her characters who have left the tenets of Christian faith and Paul’s warning to those who commit such actions.Within this context, it is thereby possible to understand O’ Connor’s work [specifically the aforementioned text] as enabling a certain form of locationality which opts to counter the â€Å"rationalistic, materialistic, and humanistic thought† which pervaded during her time.This is best understood if one considers the aforementioned interpretation in relation to her warning [as to the evaporation resulting from â€Å"Instant Enlightenment†].Within this context, it is possible to posit that within a materialistic [in a sense on a world highly grounded on realism] the choice of the path in which one chooses has a direct effect on the meaningfulness of one’s earthly life [in the same manner in which The Misfit took hold of the family]Works CitedAsals, Frederick and Flannery O’Connor. A Good Man is Hard to Find. London: Rutgers, 1993.O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. A Good Man is Hard to Find and Other Stories.Fitzgerald, Sally, ed. The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O’Connor. By Flannery O’Connor. New York: Farrar, 979.

A Research-Analysis on the Principles of Biomedical Ethics Essay

Introduction â€Å"The uninsured† is a term that is coined to people who don’t posses any form of insurance who primarily include paperless immigrants, minorities, children and or teenagers without insurance, employees of small businesses, people who belong on the lower part of the social strata and also a significant number of the elderly.   In effect, such a group of people suffered a lot in terms of seeking and receiving the health service that is necessary to prolong their lives. Corollary with this, are the disposition of those patients who initially have a health insurance but experience a significant degree of difficulty in terms of having the insurance company subsidize the treatment and or operation that is necessary for their health condition.   Such a problem creates an ethical dilemma on the end of the doctors, patients, insurance providers and also the courts. This research provided various medical cases, biomedical ethics theories, and a number of laws that explained how the uninsured disposition is, the personal and psychological, monetary, and legal issues that they faced. Consequently, the author provided his own interpretation of the cases and significantly relates them on the principles of biomedical ethics and justice.   The research then looked into the basic principles of biomedical ethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy and other ethical theories such as Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics, and significantly relate them to the problem of the uninsured based on the literature and cases that were presented. Background of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initially, insurance is something that is only made available to wealthy Americans.   On the turn of the 20th century, there have been two major changes which took effect in terms of how insurances are disseminated.   The rise of the private insurances and the government subsidized insurances has seemed to provide a temporary solution on the problem of inequality in terms of health services.   Such an initiative has caused companies to provide insurances to their employees and by 1950’s almost two thirds of the population already have insurance.   Due to the relative availability and accessibility of the population to insurance, some segment of the population were forgotten, hence the uninsured (Jost 1998, p.106).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiatives on the part of the government were introduced in order to solve this problem.   General welfare programs during the 20th century were also introduced in order to cater to the marginalized.   In addition, a New Deal program was also made available to the population living in the rural areas.   On the span of the 20th century, progressive and labor interests asserted the necessity of compulsory national health insurance, but such efforts were hindered by a number of significant and powerful institutions in the country such as various business interests and the medical profession in itself (Jost 1998, p.106). However, the bill that was passed on 1960 which eventually legislated on 1965 paved the way for the establishment of the Medicare and the Medicaid.   Medicare caters to the elderly which insured the hospitalization and other doctor services that are necessary; on the other hand, Medicaid emphasized on the needs of the marginalized and the disabled. The Medicare and the Medicaid resolved all conflicts between the hospitals and the government because of the assurance of monetary funds for those who are insured and the paying of services which are formerly given free or in a reduced fee.   However, critics of Medicare and Medicaid counter argued that such insurances are too costly, hence a new initiative was raised by a physician in Minnesota which is now known as the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) (Jost 1998, 107-108).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The HMO required the consumers to pay a relatively small amount in order to cover for the former and also for his or her families. Such an idea appealed to the government, hence on 1973, the Health Organization Maintenance Act of 1973 was passed.   The managed health care proved to significantly reduce costs , and by 1995, it was estimated that 150 million Americans have their HMOs. However, conflicts between doctors and patients emerged when allegation such as doctors and HMO administrators have created some sort of incentive programs which would make the latter diminish its recommendations for certain medication, treatments, or operations. Such a case paved the way for a direct refusal for the needed medical care, treatment and operations.   In addition, complaints such as delays on the release of authorization and/or funds were also cited (Jost 1998, 109). Review of Related Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kenneth Jost (1998, p. 101-105) posed three major issues with regard to patient rights.   These are: Is it possible for manage-care health plans to make the patients choose doctors who are not included on the plan’s network of physicians? Should the manage health care plans be liable if there be any chance that malpractice is detected amongst their physicians? Is there a necessity for a stronger safeguard be imposed on the patients’ medical records and other related information? Jost emphasized that the dilemma that was brought forth due to the request of some patients to choose their own physicians has been an issue that is very difficult to resolve.   Since the primary purpose of the manage health care plans is to reduce costs, the proposal of each patient to choose their own doctors would pave the way to the further increase of fees amongst the health plans, in addition to the payment that the patient has to shoulder. Some health care plans intentionally limit the number of physicians that the patients can choose from so that referrals for treatment, medication and or operations could be regulated by the company, hence reducing costs and increasing profits.   However, some health care plans allow their consumers to apply for a Point of Service (POS) which will allow them to choose their own doctors; only for an added fee.   In relation with this are some statutory laws imposed by some 30 states for pregnant women, allowing the latter to select an obstetrician that could act as their primary health care provider (p. 101-103). The second issue was with regard to the malpractice that was conducted by in-house physicians, which on a legal perspective makes the physician alone liable to the damages done to the patient and makes the managed-care plans company exempted from the legal repercussions.   The case presented was that of Ron Henson, who died in Kaiser Permanente Hospital and later on sued HMO.   The conflict stem out due to the claim of Mrs. Henson that Kaiser controlled the costs of her husband’s treatment by limiting hospital admission in cardiac cases. The physicians who treated Mr. Henson was employed by Kaiser, hence making the latter liable to the said malpractice.   A suit was then filed against Kaiser which was then settled by the latter for 5.3 million in 1997. However, at present only the state of Texas has such laws regarding the accountability of managed care plans.   Jost also made a point by asserting that when health insurance companies will be made liable to the malpractice that could have been done by their physicians, such could further result to the increase of the fees being collected from their clients (p.103-104). The necessity of privacy and confidentiality of medical records is another important matter that Jost touched into.   The importance of disclosing medical information for the patient’s health purposes alone (Shalala, 1998 as cited from Jost 1998, p.105) and for government use for health and law enforcement has been criticized as further broadening the law for access for medical records.   The proposal set forth by Shalala has been criticized due to favoring the government to have more access to medical records, hence a possible case of invasion of privacy.   However, Shalala have emphasized that such a proposal is only a more clear interpretation of the law that currently exists. The author perceived that Jost (1998) emphasized more on the notion of Justice within the managed health care system and the relation of Autonomy on the notion of Justice. In addition, Jost was able to present a balanced view of the legal issues on managed health care system.   He provided almost all possible dimensions of the issue and allowed the reader to deduce the arguments on their own. The discussion of the laws which is relative to every state makes it difficult to address the legal issues that stem out because of medical malpractice (taking the issue of Mr. Henson for instance).   In addition with this, certain changes from the ways of the health care system defeats the primary purpose of the former which is to reduce costs and make health opportunity available and equal to all people. Such a dilemma between the right to choose or autonomy and the statutory laws which serves as the backbone of most managed health care system becomes very hard to reconcile.   In addition with this, the matters of privacy are something that is in conflict with the principle of autonomy and the greater good (i.e. the principle of utilitarianism). Keith Epstein (2002) has presented the issues of uninsured patients which normally are comprised of young adults (p. 524) and minorities (p.529).   Epstein touched three major issues in which is comprised of the question weather the United States can afford health insurance for all; if Medicare should cover the prescribed medicines for the marginalized senior people; and if small businesses could band together to apply for the insurance of their employees in order to reduce its costs. The fist issue was addressed by Epstein by arguing that since the passing of the Balance Budget Act of 1997, there has been a huge cut back on medical costs.   Medicare has cut on reimbursement and some states have also cut on Medicaid payments.   However, Young (President of the Health Insurance Association of America) as cited from Epstein, claimed that America can do afford insurance for all if it only has the will power.   Young emphasized that the uninsured has already been subsidized due to the increase of costs in insurance payments and also for hospital services because initially, these insurance companies and hospitals are adding up their costs in order to cover for uninsured patients. Solutions in subsidizing the uninsured in terms of taxes are also one of the solutions that he presented (p. 526).   The issue in subsidizing the marginalized seniors’ drug prescription has also been tackled as could be resolved by having the government subsidize a certain percentage of the price by those seniors of having the salary cap of less than $13,000.   However, part of the issue is the lack of funds or the possible soar of the taxes in order to subsidize such a change. The third issue is with regard to the passing of a bill which would allow small companies across states to band together in order to apply for insurance for their employees and consequently to reduce costs.   Such an idea according to Lehnhard, (Blue Cross Senior Vice President) would only provide temporary savings on the end of these small companies because since the associations will not be regulated by the state rules, it is possible that such companies would engage in discriminatory underwriting.   An example that was given is that there might be some cases wherein the program would encourage health people from joining, and unhealthy people from not joining (p.530). The author perceived that Epstein’s essay touched on the use of the existing law in order to apply the principle of justice as fairness.   It could be seen, that the relevance of the law has been the foundation of the arguments which normally appear in conflict with various perceived implications due to the desire to alter the law in order to cater for those percentage of the population who are relatively incapable of securing their health concerns and problems.   The perceived attempts to make the lives of the uninsured relatively better in order to bring forth justice in the form of a fair medical and health treatment has been argued to be a cause that is far fetched because of political will power, unequal allocation of funds and lack of trust to human goodwill. A more recent article which emphasized the relevance of the law in order to cater to the needs of the uninsured is those of Owcharenko (2006).  Ã‚   Owcharenko provided three major recommendations in which the government could do to solve the growing number of uninsured population in the country. The first is to offer the uninsured â€Å"direct subsidies in the form of a refundable tax credit, to lower-income working individuals and families for the purchase of private health care coverage† (p. 95).   Owcharenko emphasized that enormous tax breaks are normally given by the government to those high-earning individuals, rather than to those who have relatively lower incomes. The tax exclusion also provides more generous health care coverage to those individuals belonging in big companies. In addition with this, those people who don’t have any health coverage at all does not enjoy any tax break at all, thus they are left with no choice rather than to use after-tax dollars to purchase their insurance.   Owcharenko emphasized that if a new and robust system of individual health tax credits will be given to low-income families, these people will have the buying power to secure their own private insurance rather than opt to rely to Medicaid which is relatively spread on a small number of population. The Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) that was enacted on 2003 was perceived by Owcharenko as a good program for the government because it allowed people to â€Å"purchased a high-deductible insurance plan to establish a tax-preferred savings account that allows carryover of unspent funds† (Owvahrenko, 2006, p. 96).  Ã‚  Ã‚   This plan however needs certain changes in order to function more proficiently.   Owcharenko focused on the use of the flexible spending account (FSA) and the health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) such according to her would allow patients to exercise more autonomy on choosing their heath care.   Such a step would allow the patients to gain more control on determining the amounts which they want to contribute and significantly decide how they wanted to apply these funds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The recommendation is for the government to allow federal contributions to be used in order to improve the health status of every state.   Consequently, the state should be able to provide a feedback on the effectiveness of their reforms by â€Å"reducing the number of the uninsured, improving access, and remaining fiscally visible†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author perceived that the recommendations of Owcharenko (2006) touched on the notion of justice, fairness, and beneficence.   In relation with this, the perception of the author in making the insurance reforms unique in every state will significantly help a lot in terms of reaching a huge number of the uninsured population.   Since the focus of the health reforms will be focused primarily on the individuals on every state, it is more likely that even the people who do not belong on the financial caps that are subsidized under Medicaid will be considered as well.   The marginalized on the other hand will also be given a fair and immediate treatment towards health.   The research of Young et al (2004) focused on the life saving health care of undocumented children.   Undocumented children are offsprings of paperless immigrants which consequently forms a huge percentage of the population for the uninsured.   Undocumented children often times did not have an access to health services as they don’t have any contact to any insurance other than the Emergency Medicaid that was given by the Federal Government in 1986. However, the Emergency Medicaid could only be used in severe cases wherein a patient experiences severe amount of pain (p.1316).   In addition, Medicaid can only pay for a portion of the hospitalization costs, which is why some hospitals needed to seek support either from various organizations or individuals or from the country of the immigrant himself. Such an attempt of some hospitals although noble, may prove to further increase the costs of the treatment because of the delay of the latter.   Young et al. claimed that such prolonging could result to a long-term morbidity and a high risk of death (p. 1318).   Young emphasized that immigrants served a relevant part of the society.   They do jobs that could highly affect a huge number of the population if by any case they acquire communicable diseases. In relation with this, failure to immunize their children and treat their sicknesses could also result to a significant impact in the society. Young et al. touched on the principles of beneficence and non maleficence on his paper.   Both sides of the issues are presented (i.e. why the government cannot subsidize the health care of the undocumented children versus the effects that it could bring in the society).  Ã‚   Young et al explained the aid that the Emergency Medicaid has provided to the undocumented children and the other options that the hospitals can do in any case that the hospital cannot fully subsidize a child on expensive treatments and operations.   The principle of beneficence was clearly presented on this part.   On the other hand, the principle of maleficence could be seen as further attempts of the government to give improve the health status of the immigrants’ children are made.   McLaughlin et al (1999) touched on the role of nurse case managers in terms of providing solutions to the ethical dilemmas that were brought forth of the uninsured.   Case management as defined by The Case Management Society of America (CSMA) as a â€Å"collaborative process which plans, implements, coordinates, monitors, evaluates options and services to meet the individual’s health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality cost effective outcomes† (p.51).   The role of the nurse care manager is highly important because he or she acts as an advocate to raise funds; also, he or she acts as a facilitator as well in order to weigh treatment options for the patient and the family. The case of Natalie M involves the problem of dealing with her family that later on paved the way for her to be rejected in most of subacute or skilled nursing units.   Conflicts with the family as to weather to put Natalie on a subacute nursing units or take care of her at home poses a problem as well that the nurse manager has to deal with. The nurse care manager solved the issue by having Natalie participate in the decision process and make sure that the decision of Natalie is not a mere reflection of her family or guardian. The case of Natalie M. is a clear representation of the strict adherence of the nurse case managers on the principles of autonomy, principle of veracity, the principle of beneficence and avoided paternalism.  Ã‚   The article clearly laid out the process as to how particular treatment options are arrived into by discussing it with the guardian of Natalie and Natalie herself. Similarly, the nurse care manager make sure that the decision was a true reflection of the desires of Natalie, and corollary with this, the principle of beneficence was reflected in the steps of the nurse care manager to do make sure that whatever options that Natalie would take, it would be safe and would significantly help her improve her condition.   Tunzi (2004) has emphasized the case of the sluggish economy and the budget deficits that significantly affects the disposition of the uninsured.   According to the statistics, the uninsured comprises of 23 million male, 20 million female, in which 21 million are white, 13 million are Hispanic, 7 million are black, and 2 million are Asian or Pacific Islander (p.1357).    The major implication of being an uninsured is primarily characterized by worse cases of illnesses because of the failure to regularly check with the doctor, or failure to seek care until the illness is already terminal.   In relation with this, Tunzi also emphasized that majority of the uninsured are children and most likely they are more prone to poorer health or may die prematurely.   Hence, according to Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) 2002 report (as cited in Tunzi, 2004, p. 1358) that the lives of children will be made longer and their long term development would be significantly improved if they are covered with insurance. To solve this problem, the IOM has ensured a Broadbased Health Insurance Strategy which caters to preventive services, outpatient prescription drugs, and specialized mental health care, in addition to general ambulatory and hospital medical care (p.1359).   In addition, the Bush Administration has also launched the expansion of the Community Center System; however, the author perceived that such a program is not sufficient enough due to certain limitations that it posed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The article of Tunzi (2004) touched on the principles of beneficence and justice.   The attempts to cover for the health of the uninsured and the expansion of government services and NGO’s are significant factors that are ethical in its very nature.   The issue of the caste system that is very imminent on hospitals is the issue that was tacked by Romano (2002).   There are certain hospitals that are viewed as practicing the so-called boutique medicine wherein they require their patients to pay an annual membership fee in order to gain access to the services of their hospital. However,   Ã‚  Lois Snyder, director of the Center for Ethics and Professionalism at the 115,000-member American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine as cited from Romano (2002, p.5) have reiterated that such ways of some hospitals are certainly against the their manuals.   Snyder emphasized that indiscriminate perception should be applied regardless if the patient is insured or uninsured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such a step of certain hospitals to intentionally reject patients on the name of profit is something that violates the principle of beneficence and also it is a violation of the basic principles of the deontological ethics’ claim that man should never be used as a means to an end. Dateline NBC (2005) has presented a case of a child who suffered from a ferry boat accident who’s got his legs amputated.   The child has no insurance and the father has no idea where to get the money to pay for the hospital bills.   On this case, the government nor any NGO did not helped the child; hence the father was forced to take the option of selling their house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This case provided by dateline NBC, is relatively short and is made primarily for popular reading.   However, such a case would make one see how the government or the hospital for that matter did not take any advocacy steps in order to help the said family.   Analysis The article of Jost (1998) provides a clear picture of the conflict between various principles of biomedical ethics.   As the author have stated on previous paragraphs, the principle of Justice and Autonomy appears to be in conflict when discussing legal issues and keeping up with the notion of equality on health care services.   In addition, the idea of the greater good or the principle of utilitarianism appears to be in conflict as well with the laws against invasion of privacy. On the first issue that Jost presented, the principle of autonomy would normally state that it should really be the case that patients should be provided with the choice to have a physician of their own preference.   Since, man by nature as argued by the Kant as rational, then it necessarily follows that they should really be making their own choices.   However, it should be taken into consideration as well that legal contracts or agreements impinge this basic right of man for order and in some cases for social equality.   Tracing back in its philosophical roots, the very notion of the statutory laws emerged from the desire of man to engage himself into a social contract (i.e. Hobbes, Rousseau, Mill) in order to lift himself in the state of nature which is primarily characterized by the lack of order and domination of the strongest. Relating this to the conflict of the law (i.e. imposed by managed health care) and the principle of autonomy (i.e. the right of patients to choose their own doctors) simply makes sense.   If taken for instance that every patient lets say Xs that is enrolled on a managed health care, lets say A is given the opportunity to chose their own doctors, then A would cease to be a managed health care system at all since its very purpose which is to reduce costs will be defeated. In addition, inequality in terms of health care services will again stem out because relatively rich people will get the degree of health service that they prefer.   The author thinks that in order for the managed health care system to live on its purpose and prevent their customers to further increase their costs, they should be able to shift their perspective from profit to quality and humanitarian service.   The insurance industry is accountable for hundreds or even millions and billions of lives, and no amount of money could ever replace a life that is lost because of malpractice.   The essay by Epstein (2002) which tackles the law as one of the major vehicles in order to change the existing disposition of the uninsured has been seen by the research as something that is significantly related to the notion of justice and fairness.   The notion of justice is directly related to the laws that are imposed by the state.   However, since justice is only a result of human convention which is also partly dependent on the culture and the demands of the society, then it necessarily follows that it is imperfect. The essay of Epstein which emphasizes on the capacity of the government to insure majority of the citizens, most specially those who didn’t have the capacity of doing such; subsidizing the medicines of the marginalized seniors and associating small enterprises in order to afford the insurance of their employees is something that could be interpreted as a result to put more justice in the existing laws.   However, the author, basing the arguments from Epstein could significantly assert that such proved to be far fetched due to certain factors such as the political will, the inappropriate allocation of government funds and the lack of trust on human goodwill.    The political will as perceived by the author is the initiative on the end of the government to significantly allocate a percentage of the taxes that it collects for the uninsured.   In relation with this is the political will as well to help the marginalized, the immigrants and the children to acquire the insurance necessary in order to secure their health.   Corollary with this is the government’s investment on war versus the immediate need of its citizens’ health.   A proper allocation of the national budget is seen by the author as one of the primary solution to the huge number of the uninsured. The notion of the human goodwill as emphasized by Immanuel Kant is something that could be significantly related to the assumptions of discriminatory underwritings that could stem out from the associations of small companies across the border in order to provide insurance for their employees.   Kant asserted that man is inherently good and the author believes it to be so.   The mere premise that these small companies wanted to provide insurance for their employees is a valid reason enough to deduce that the former has a genuine concern on the plight of the latter.   Owcharenko (2006) presented her recommendations which are majority in a form of law changes and reforms in order to cater for the uninsured.   The author agreed with Owcharenko on her perspective that the best way to reach out and cater to the needs of the uninsured is to make national reforms in terms of the laws that governs every state.   Although the author perceived that advocacy on the part of the hospitals to solicit funds as a significant solution as well; the reforms on the laws would be able to cater on a relatively huge number of population. The principle of utilitarianism and beneficence in addition to the principles of justice could be seen as the core ethical foundation of the recommendations of Owcharenko.   The necessity of extending the health reforms to majority of the population is in conjunction with the principle of utilitarianism which is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.   In addition, the principle of duty of the Deontological Ethics could be applied as well. The basis of the morality of a certain act is significantly related to the â€Å"duty† that each person has.   This duty is perceived by Kant as something that is absolute or on his own terms â€Å"unibversalizable†.   In relating this to the government, the author perceived that part of the duty of the government is to assure that every individual regardless of social status and income will have the same access to health medications and treatments.   The notion of duty is significantly related to the justice that ideally should always be existing in a certain society.   Young et al (2004) has tackled the importance of the health of the undocumented children in the American society.   In order to present this, two principles from the ethics of principlism was touched- beneficence and maleficence.   The principle of beneficence asserts the relevance of thinking who benefits from one’s actions and in what such manner.   The principle of maleficence emphasizes on the notion of not harming any person or party.   The principle of beneficence was clearly applied on the disposition of the undocumented children and the principle of maleficence was applied on the existing laws for and against undocumented children. Due to the principle of non-harm, attempts on the end of the hospitals and the government to be more sympathetic, and more humanitarian to the undocumented children were executed.   Also, the principle of utilitarianism could be significantly related on the case of the undocumented children as well.   It could be noted that Young et al. has emphasized that these children and their parents served a significant part of the society.   Hence, their poor health could also affect the entire population.   Taking the principle of utilitarianism and its maxim which is â€Å"the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people†, one could significantly deduce that the health of the paperless immigrants and their children could also translate to an overall increase of utility on the entire state.   The case of Natalie M. on the writings of McLaughlin et al (1999) presents the principles of autonomy, veracity, beneficence and avoided paternalism.   In certain cases wherein the patient has the mental capacity to decide for herself, the nurse case manager makes sure that the autonomy of the individual is emphasized.   Similar to the essay of Epstein (2002), the emphasis on the rationality of the individual is always taken into consideration. The notion of the â€Å"truth† is another ethical principle that is necessary for those patients who are under a care of a certain guardian or who has a family who is very picky and difficult to deal with in terms of negotiating treatment options.   The importance of arriving on the true desires of the patient is directly related on the principle of autonomy.   This would then make sure that paternalism will be avoided, although the nurse care manager also makes sure that such a decision that the hospital will arrive at is relatively the best step in order to improve the disposition of the patient, hence beneficence.   Tunzi (2004) has made a direct correlation on the principles of beneficence and justice.   By presenting various solutions on the case of the uninsured through government and non-government initiatives, it is evident that attempts to provide equal opportunity in terms of health services are attempted to be provided in almost all people regardless of their status in the society. Such a step could be seen as would present a great benefit on the end of the uninsured, hence beneficence.   Upholding profit versus the necessity of the human life is the case that was presented by Romano (2002).   The practice of so called boutique hospitals is something that is against the principles of Deontological Ethics which claimed that man should never be used as a means to an end. This means that if the hospital for instance rejects the admission of an uninsured patient because the latter does not have enough finances to pay, then it necessarily follows that profit is seen as the most relevant factor for the hospital and not really to save lives.  Ã‚   Then man or the patient for that matter would only be seen as an instrument for profit and not really the ‘end’ purpose of the hospital in itself.   The case of presented by Dateline NBC (2005) would show that there are really cases wherein besides of the efforts and the claims presented by the hospitals, NGOs and the government, there are still a lot of cases wherein the uninsured is being left out.    The case of the child who got his legs amputated which later on made his father decide to sell the house is something that could be prevented only if advocacy steps on the part of the hospital or the government was implemented.   The debt and or the decrease of the quality of life that this family might suffer after this crisis could also directly impact how the child will continue his healing process and or adapt to the new change that recently happened in his life.   Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The uninsured† is a term that is coined to people who don’t posses any form of insurance who primarily include paperless immigrants, minorities, children and or teenagers without insurance, employees of small businesses, people who belong on the lower part of the social strata and also a significant number of the elderly.   In effect, such a group of people suffered a lot in terms of seeking and receiving the health service that is necessary to prolong their lives.   Corollary with this, are the disposition of those patients who initially have a health insurance but experience a significant degree of difficulty in terms of having the insurance company subsidize the treatment and or operation that is necessary for their health condition.   Such a problem creates an ethical dilemma on the end of the doctors, patients, insurance providers and also the courts. In comprehending and analyzing the eight articles that was presented on this research, the author have deduced that the health care industry of the country is facing a huge dilemma most specially in distributing fairness in terms of the allocation of health services that is due not only to every American citizen but also to other races who lives in the country as well.   Such a growing injustice in the health industry has been attempted to be solved many times starting from the nurse advocates, the hospitals, non-government organizations and also the government as well. However, even though more than seven decades has passed since the necessity of insurance was perceived, the government still is quite slow in terms of providing solutions to the health problems of its citizens.   The budget deficit has been blamed due to the lack of monetary support, however, it is very evident that the government’s finances were clearly improperly allocated to certain war endeavors which a number of critics have argued to be null on the first place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ethical dilemmas that stem out due to the lack of funds, legalities, concern for profit (of insurance companies) are directly affecting the marginalized, the children, the minorities, and the senior people.   The author perceived that a reevaluation of the priorities of every significant institution which played an important role on the health of the citizens are relevant in order to set things on a right path and establish justice and fairness which has been the primary purpose on the first place of establishing a social contract, a government and the set of statutory laws which supposed to make the life of man better and in order. 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